Course topics

\n \n \n \n DNA,\n \n \n \n \n \n environment,\n \n \n \n \n \n gene,\n \n \n \n \n \n species,\n \n \n \n \n \n population,\n \n \n \n \n \n system,\n \n \n \n \n \n energy,\n \n \n \n \n \n adaptation,\n \n \n \n \n \n ecosystem,\n \n \n \n \n \n plants,\n \n \n \n \n \n photosynthesis,\n \n \n \n \n \n genetic,\n \n \n \n \n \n reproduction,\n \n \n \n \n \n allele,\n \n \n \n \n \n mutation,\n \n \n \n \n \n phenotype,\n \n \n \n \n \n human,\n \n \n \n \n \n plant,\n \n \n \n \n \n embryo,\n \n \n \n \n \n evolution,\n \n \n \n \n \n organisms,\n \n \n \n \n \n cell,\n \n \n \n \n \n eutrophication,\n \n \n \n \n \n hemoglobin,\n \n \n \n \n \n matter,\n \n \n \n \n \n respiration,\n \n \n \n \n \n individual,\n \n \n \n \n \n herbivore,\n \n \n \n \n \n variation,\n \n \n \n \n \n crossing-over,\n \n \n \n \n \n inheritance,\n \n \n \n \n \n blood,\n \n \n \n \n \n antigen,\n \n \n \n \n \n diseases,\n \n \n \n \n \n genotype,\n \n \n \n \n \n homozygote,\n \n \n \n \n \n heterozygote,\n \n \n \n \n \n life,\n \n \n \n \n \n transpiration,\n \n \n \n \n \n transport,\n \n \n \n \n \n root,\n \n \n \n \n \n receptor,\n \n \n \n \n \n nerve impulse,\n \n \n \n \n \n synapse,\n \n \n \n \n \n capillaries,\n \n \n \n \n \n glucose,\n \n \n \n \n \n translation,\n \n \n \n \n \n transcription,\n \n \n \n \n \n predator,\n \n \n \n \n \n autotroph,\n \n \n \n \n \n photoautotroph,\n \n \n \n \n \n herbivory,\n \n \n \n \n \n clone,\n \n \n \n \n \n asexual reproduction,\n \n \n \n \n \n recombination,\n \n \n \n \n \n mutations,\n \n \n \n \n \n meiosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n phagocytosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n collagen,\n \n \n \n \n \n humans,\n \n \n \n \n \n sex,\n \n \n \n \n \n zygote,\n \n \n \n \n \n osmosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n vertebrates,\n \n \n \n \n \n cells,\n \n \n \n \n \n invertebrates,\n \n \n \n \n \n bacteria,\n \n \n \n \n \n insulin,\n \n \n \n \n \n amnion,\n \n \n \n \n \n pituitary gland,\n \n \n \n \n \n gluconeogenesis,\n \n \n \n \n \n natural selection,\n \n \n \n \n \n antibodies,\n \n \n \n \n \n RNA,\n \n \n \n \n \n uracil,\n \n \n \n \n \n homeostasis,\n \n \n \n \n \n inorganic compounds,\n \n \n \n \n \n autotrophs,\n \n \n \n \n \n organic compounds,\n \n \n \n \n \n nucleotide,\n \n \n \n \n \n hypothalamus,\n \n \n \n \n \n predation,\n \n \n \n \n \n hormones,\n \n \n \n \n \n competition,\n \n \n \n \n \n production,\n \n \n \n \n \n fertilization,\n \n \n \n \n \n leaf,\n \n \n \n \n \n xylem,\n \n \n \n \n \n phloem,\n \n \n \n \n \n cambium,\n \n \n \n \n \n meristem,\n \n \n \n \n \n nerve cell,\n \n \n \n \n \n axon,\n \n \n \n \n \n stimulus,\n \n \n \n \n \n neurone,\n \n \n \n \n \n neurotransmitter,\n \n \n \n \n \n circulatory system,\n \n \n \n \n \n circulatory,\n \n \n \n \n \n pulse,\n \n \n \n \n \n pollution,\n \n \n \n \n \n food chain,\n \n \n \n \n \n national park,\n \n \n \n \n \n natural resources,\n \n \n \n \n \n ecosystems,\n \n \n \n \n \n oxygen,\n \n \n \n \n \n carbon dioxide,\n \n \n \n \n \n digestion,\n \n \n \n \n \n protease,\n \n \n \n \n \n nucleus,\n \n \n \n \n \n chromosome,\n \n \n \n \n \n solenoid,\n \n \n \n \n \n chromatin,\n \n \n \n \n \n homologous chromosomes,\n \n \n \n \n \n karyotype,\n \n \n \n \n \n interphase,\n \n \n \n \n \n consumer,\n \n \n \n \n \n chemoautotroph,\n \n \n \n \n \n biocenosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n decomposer,\n \n \n \n \n \n nervous system,\n \n \n \n \n \n myelin sheath,\n \n \n \n \n \n dendrites,\n \n \n \n \n \n peripheral nervous system,\n \n \n \n \n \n Escherichia coli,\n \n \n \n \n \n nucleotides,\n \n \n \n \n \n mitotic division,\n \n \n \n \n \n malaria,\n \n \n \n \n \n chromosomal aberration,\n \n \n \n \n \n genetic recombination,\n \n \n \n \n \n mutagens,\n \n \n \n \n \n deletion,\n \n \n \n \n \n theory,\n \n \n \n \n \n membranous labyrinth,\n \n \n \n \n \n groups,\n \n \n \n \n \n agglutination,\n \n \n \n \n \n lysosomes,\n \n \n \n \n \n granulocytes,\n \n \n \n \n \n bone marrow,\n \n \n \n \n \n sterilisation,\n \n \n \n \n \n microorganisms,\n \n \n \n \n \n spontaneous generation,\n \n \n \n \n \n bacterial,\n \n \n \n \n \n skeletal,\n \n \n \n \n \n cartilage,\n \n \n \n \n \n osteoblasts,\n \n \n \n \n \n haploidy,\n \n \n \n \n \n monosomy,\n \n \n \n \n \n trisomy,\n \n \n \n \n \n birds,\n \n \n \n \n \n mammals,\n \n \n \n \n \n habitat,\n \n \n \n \n \n adaptations,\n \n \n \n \n \n scale,\n \n \n \n \n \n ecological niche,\n \n \n \n \n \n egg cell,\n \n \n \n \n \n animal,\n \n \n \n \n \n tissues,\n \n \n \n \n \n water,\n \n \n \n \n \n climate,\n \n \n \n \n \n atmosphere,\n \n \n \n \n \n glacier,\n \n \n \n \n \n ozone layer,\n \n \n \n \n \n environmental pollution,\n \n \n \n \n \n phytoplankton,\n \n \n \n \n \n food,\n \n \n \n \n \n zooplankton,\n \n \n \n \n \n aerobic respiration,\n \n \n \n \n \n placenta,\n \n \n \n \n \n animals,\n \n \n \n \n \n earth,\n \n \n \n \n \n prokaryotes,\n \n \n \n \n \n eukaryotes,\n \n \n \n \n \n protoctists,\n \n \n \n \n \n fungi,\n \n \n \n \n \n glycogen,\n \n \n \n \n \n symbiosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n enzymes,\n \n \n \n \n \n proteins,\n \n \n \n \n \n pesticides,\n \n \n \n \n \n biomass,\n \n \n \n \n \n sperm cell,\n \n \n \n \n \n alternation of generations,\n \n \n \n \n \n polyp,\n \n \n \n \n \n gonads,\n \n \n \n \n \n pasteurization,\n \n \n \n \n \n poisons,\n \n \n \n \n \n gene expression,\n \n \n \n \n \n engineering,\n \n \n \n \n \n applications,\n \n \n \n \n \n replication,\n \n \n \n \n \n polymerase,\n \n \n \n \n \n biotechnology,\n \n \n \n \n \n AIDS,\n \n \n \n \n \n tRNA,\n \n \n \n \n \n necrosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n growth,\n \n \n \n \n \n organ,\n \n \n \n \n \n specialization,\n \n \n \n \n \n cell division,\n \n \n \n \n \n gametes,\n \n \n \n \n \n mitosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n allantois,\n \n \n \n \n \n environmental resources,\n \n \n \n \n \n pancreas,\n \n \n \n \n \n regulation,\n \n \n \n \n \n thyroid gland,\n \n \n \n \n \n metabolic,\n \n \n \n \n \n heredity,\n \n \n \n \n \n cuticle,\n \n \n \n \n \n generation,\n \n \n \n \n \n chloroplasts,\n \n \n \n \n \n cytoplasm,\n \n \n \n \n \n mitochondria,\n \n \n \n \n \n mRNA,\n \n \n \n \n \n nucleosome,\n \n \n \n \n \n cytosine,\n \n \n \n \n \n codon,\n \n \n \n \n \n thymine,\n \n \n \n \n \n heterotrophs,\n \n \n \n \n \n vitamins,\n \n \n \n \n \n endocrine glands,\n \n \n \n \n \n glucagon,\n \n \n \n \n \n antibiotics,\n \n \n \n \n \n animal food,\n \n \n \n \n \n plant food,\n \n \n \n \n \n hormone,\n \n \n \n \n \n composition,\n \n \n \n \n \n testes,\n \n \n \n \n \n pH,\n \n \n \n \n runner,\n \n \n \n crop,\n \n \n \n crop rotation,\n \n \n \n herbicide,\n \n \n \n weed,\n \n \n \n cultivation,\n \n \n \n humus,\n \n \n \n winter crop,\n \n \n \n spring crop,\n \n \n \n rhizome,\n \n \n \n hydroponics,\n \n \n \n crop production,\n \n \n \n stem,\n \n \n \n substances,\n \n \n \n organic,\n \n \n \n vascular tissue,\n \n \n \n accumulation,\n \n \n \n primary phloem,\n \n \n \n secondary phloem,\n \n \n \n primary xylem,\n \n \n \n secondary xylem,\n \n \n \n secondary stem structure,\n \n \n \n secondary root structure,\n \n \n \n growth of a plant in girth,\n \n \n \n dendrite,\n \n \n \n stimuli,\n \n \n \n excitability,\n \n \n \n action potential,\n \n \n \n effector,\n \n \n \n end plate,\n \n \n \n neuromuscular junction,\n \n \n \n motor neurone,\n \n \n \n neuromodulator,\n \n \n \n relay neurone,\n \n \n \n resting potential,\n \n \n \n sensory neurone,\n \n \n \n effort,\n \n \n \n stethoscope,\n \n \n \n physical effort,\n \n \n \n erythropoietin,\n \n \n \n muscle pump,\n \n \n \n sphygmomanometer,\n \n \n \n systolic pressure,\n \n \n \n aerobic metabolism,\n \n \n \n anaerobic metabolism,\n \n \n \n diastolic pressure,\n \n \n \n functioning,\n \n \n \n artery,\n \n \n \n vein,\n \n \n \n aorta,\n \n \n \n blood pressure,\n \n \n \n automatism of the heart,\n \n \n \n pericardium,\n \n \n \n waste,\n \n \n \n resources,\n \n \n \n recycling,\n \n \n \n conservation,\n \n \n \n prevention,\n \n \n \n natural environment,\n \n \n \n nature conservation,\n \n \n \n reintroduction,\n \n \n \n environment pollution,\n \n \n \n household waste,\n \n \n \n species conservation,\n \n \n \n manufacturing process,\n \n \n \n optimum,\n \n \n \n atp,\n \n \n \n stroma,\n \n \n \n ADP,\n \n \n \n thylakoids,\n \n \n \n photolysis,\n \n \n \n limiting factor,\n \n \n \n NADPH,\n \n \n \n NADP,\n \n \n \n enzyme,\n \n \n \n amylase,\n \n \n \n lipase,\n \n \n \n euchromatin,\n \n \n \n heterochromatin,\n \n \n \n DNA double helix,\n \n \n \n histones,\n \n \n \n loop domain,\n \n \n \n metaphase chromosome,\n \n \n \n diploid set of chromosomes,\n \n \n \n nucleus as a store of genetic material,\n \n \n \n ecology,\n \n \n \n biome,\n \n \n \n biotope,\n \n \n \n neuron,\n \n \n \n cell body,\n \n \n \n Schwann cell,\n \n \n \n node of Ranvier,\n \n \n \n autonomic nervous system,\n \n \n \n synapses,\n \n \n \n terminal dendrites,\n \n \n \n sympathetic nervous system,\n \n \n \n parasympathetic nervous system,\n \n \n \n sexual reproduction,\n \n \n \n runners,\n \n \n \n budding,\n \n \n \n thallus fragmentation,\n \n \n \n reproduction and variation,\n \n \n \n changes,\n \n \n \n inversion,\n \n \n \n substitution,\n \n \n \n point mutation,\n \n \n \n duplication,\n \n \n \n DNA polymerase III,\n \n \n \n induced mutations,\n \n \n \n insertion,\n \n \n \n gene mutation,\n \n \n \n proliferation,\n \n \n \n sickle-cell disease,\n \n \n \n spontaneous mutations,\n \n \n \n unscheduled DNA synthesis,\n \n \n \n UDS,\n \n \n \n mutations as changes in DNA,\n \n \n \n chromatids,\n \n \n \n centromere,\n \n \n \n acrocentric chromosome,\n \n \n \n metacentric chromosome,\n \n \n \n submetacentric chromosome,\n \n \n \n telocentric chromosome,\n \n \n \n pachytene,\n \n \n \n genetic map,\n \n \n \n chromosomal,\n \n \n \n the chromosomal theory of inheritance,\n \n \n \n eye,\n \n \n \n ear,\n \n \n \n orbit,\n \n \n \n lens,\n \n \n \n cochlea,\n \n \n \n middle ear,\n \n \n \n pinna,\n \n \n \n semi-circular canals,\n \n \n \n retina,\n \n \n \n iris,\n \n \n \n cornea,\n \n \n \n vitreous humor,\n \n \n \n blind spot,\n \n \n \n cones,\n \n \n \n rods,\n \n \n \n aqueous humor,\n \n \n \n auditory ossicles,\n \n \n \n bony labyrinth,\n \n \n \n choroid,\n \n \n \n ciliary body,\n \n \n \n conjunctiva,\n \n \n \n endolymph,\n \n \n \n Eustachian tube,\n \n \n \n external auditory canal,\n \n \n \n eye chambers,\n \n \n \n fovea,\n \n \n \n lachrymal gland,\n \n \n \n organ of Corti,\n \n \n \n perilymph,\n \n \n \n saccule,\n \n \n \n sclera,\n \n \n \n vestibule,\n \n \n \n factor,\n \n \n \n agglutinogens,\n \n \n \n agglutinins,\n \n \n \n transfusion,\n \n \n \n haemolysi,\n \n \n \n rhesus,\n \n \n \n lysozyme,\n \n \n \n immune system,\n \n \n \n amoeboid movement,\n \n \n \n lysosomal enzymes,\n \n \n \n pathogenic factor,\n \n \n \n plasma cells,\n \n \n \n B cells,\n \n \n \n B lymphocytes,\n \n \n \n T lymphocytes,\n \n \n \n immune,\n \n \n \n The human immune system,\n \n \n \n cholera,\n \n \n \n typhoid fever,\n \n \n \n macrophages,\n \n \n \n microbiology,\n \n \n \n immune serum,\n \n \n \n treponema pallidum,\n \n \n \n pneumonic plague,\n \n \n \n zoonoses,\n \n \n \n bacterial diseases,\n \n \n \n alcohol,\n \n \n \n addiction,\n \n \n \n alcoholism,\n \n \n \n stimulants,\n \n \n \n hallucinogens,\n \n \n \n cigarettes,\n \n \n \n alcoholic psychosis,\n \n \n \n cannabinol,\n \n \n \n drug addiction,\n \n \n \n inhalants,\n \n \n \n narcotic analgesics,\n \n \n \n nicotinism,\n \n \n \n sedatives,\n \n \n \n withdrawal symptoms,\n \n \n \n drugs,\n \n \n \n effects of drugs,\n \n \n \n substance,\n \n \n \n femur,\n \n \n \n the skeletal system,\n \n \n \n humerus,\n \n \n \n fibula,\n \n \n \n tibia,\n \n \n \n patella,\n \n \n \n ankle,\n \n \n \n discs,\n \n \n \n osteoclasts,\n \n \n \n osteocytes,\n \n \n \n intercellular,\n \n \n \n ossification,\n \n \n \n chordin,\n \n \n \n epiphyses,\n \n \n \n phalanges,\n \n \n \n tarsals,\n \n \n \n metatarsals,\n \n \n \n secondary,\n \n \n \n principles,\n \n \n \n aneuploidy,\n \n \n \n allosome,\n \n \n \n autosome,\n \n \n \n sexual characteristics,\n \n \n \n primary sexual characteristics,\n \n \n \n tertiary sexual characteristics,\n \n \n \n the principles of sex inheritance in humans,\n \n \n \n plate,\n \n \n \n land,\n \n \n \n lungs,\n \n \n \n resistance,\n \n \n \n uric acid,\n \n \n \n aerodynamic force,\n \n \n \n chemoreception,\n \n \n \n chitinous exoskeleton,\n \n \n \n haploid,\n \n \n \n gametophyte,\n \n \n \n sporophyte,\n \n \n \n antheridia,\n \n \n \n archegonia,\n \n \n \n diploid spore,\n \n \n \n double fertilization,\n \n \n \n sperm nucleus,\n \n \n \n vegetative cell,\n \n \n \n generative cell,\n \n \n \n prothallus,\n \n \n \n plant reproduction,\n \n \n \n erythrocytes,\n \n \n \n cardiomyocytes,\n \n \n \n ectoderm,\n \n \n \n endoderm,\n \n \n \n leukocytes,\n \n \n \n mesoderm,\n \n \n \n myofibrils,\n \n \n \n platelets,\n \n \n \n thick filament,\n \n \n \n basement membrane,\n \n \n \n animal tissues,\n \n \n \n epidermis,\n \n \n \n endodermis,\n \n \n \n guttation,\n \n \n \n vascular bundles,\n \n \n \n pericycle,\n \n \n \n primary cortex,\n \n \n \n stele,\n \n \n \n ozone,\n \n \n \n greenhouse,\n \n \n \n emissions,\n \n \n \n radiation,\n \n \n \n ultraviolet,\n \n \n \n ultraviolet radiation,\n \n \n \n UV,\n \n \n \n ozone hole,\n \n \n \n chlorofluorocarbons,\n \n \n \n ozonosphere,\n \n \n \n prey,\n \n \n \n chains,\n \n \n \n food chains,\n \n \n \n food web,\n \n \n \n detritivore,\n \n \n \n trophic level,\n \n \n \n fat,\n \n \n \n protein,\n \n \n \n anaerobic respiration,\n \n \n \n cellular,\n \n \n \n oxygen debt,\n \n \n \n cell respiration,\n \n \n \n cellular respiration and energy production,\n \n \n \n brain,\n \n \n \n enamel,\n \n \n \n kidneys,\n \n \n \n limb,\n \n \n \n vertebral column,\n \n \n \n feather,\n \n \n \n gills,\n \n \n \n eardrum,\n \n \n \n auditory bones,\n \n \n \n axial skeleton,\n \n \n \n extra-embryonic membranes,\n \n \n \n mammary glands,\n \n \n \n skin gland,\n \n \n \n skull uric acid,\n \n \n \n vertebra,\n \n \n \n size,\n \n \n \n resolution,\n \n \n \n condenser,\n \n \n \n magnification,\n \n \n \n eyepiece,\n \n \n \n objective lens,\n \n \n \n electron microscope,\n \n \n \n transmission electron microscope,\n \n \n \n scanning electron microscope,\n \n \n \n dehydratation,\n \n \n \n ocular lens,\n \n \n \n fine adjuster,\n \n \n \n Light microscope,\n \n \n \n Microscope stage,\n \n \n \n objective lens stage,\n \n \n \n microscopes,\n \n \n \n microscopes and the size of cells,\n \n \n \n protista,\n \n \n \n protozoa,\n \n \n \n parasitic,\n \n \n \n moulting,\n \n \n \n ascariasis,\n \n \n \n amoebic movement,\n \n \n \n amoebae,\n \n \n \n invasive eggs,\n \n \n \n toxocariasis,\n \n \n \n enterobiasis,\n \n \n \n cysticercosis,\n \n \n \n proglottids,\n \n \n \n schizogony,\n \n \n \n schizonts,\n \n \n \n amoebiasis,\n \n \n \n parasitic diseases,\n \n \n \n hepatitis,\n \n \n \n asthma,\n \n \n \n viral,\n \n \n \n hepatitis B,\n \n \n \n renal failure,\n \n \n \n jaundice,\n \n \n \n hepatitis A,\n \n \n \n droplet-respiratory route,\n \n \n \n Heine-Medin disease,\n \n \n \n pandemic,\n \n \n \n hepatitis D,\n \n \n \n Poliovirus,\n \n \n \n viral diseases,\n \n \n \n history,\n \n \n \n extinction,\n \n \n \n chlorophyll,\n \n \n \n mollusks,\n \n \n \n annelids,\n \n \n \n arthropods,\n \n \n \n amphibians,\n \n \n \n reptiles,\n \n \n \n dinosaurs,\n \n \n \n sponges,\n \n \n \n psilophytes,\n \n \n \n birds mammals,\n \n \n \n the history of life on Earth,\n \n \n \n protists,\n \n \n \n protoctista,\n \n \n \n photosynthetic pigment,\n \n \n \n eukaryote,\n \n \n \n thallus,\n \n \n \n chemo-autotroph,\n \n \n \n fruiting body,\n \n \n \n haustorium,\n \n \n \n heterotroph,\n \n \n \n mycelium mycorrhiza,\n \n \n \n photo-autotroph,\n \n \n \n pilus,\n \n \n \n symbiont,\n \n \n \n protists and fungi,\n \n \n \n reflex,\n \n \n \n conditioned reflex,\n \n \n \n monosynaptic reflex,\n \n \n \n Pavlov\xe2\x80\x99s dog,\n \n \n \n polysynaptic reflex,\n \n \n \n reflex action,\n \n \n \n reflex arc,\n \n \n \n sucking reflex,\n \n \n \n unconditioned reflex,\n \n \n \n voluntary response,\n \n \n \n uses,\n \n \n \n ultrasound,\n \n \n \n methane,\n \n \n \n organic matter,\n \n \n \n calorific value,\n \n \n \n cyanobacteria,\n \n \n \n bioreactor,\n \n \n \n industrial,\n \n \n \n biofiltration,\n \n \n \n detergents,\n \n \n \n denitrification,\n \n \n \n nitrificatio,\n \n \n \n arteries,\n \n \n \n blood vessels,\n \n \n \n vessels,\n \n \n \n arterioles,\n \n \n \n colloidal osmotic pressure,\n \n \n \n endothelium,\n \n \n \n veins,\n \n \n \n venules,\n \n \n \n egg,\n \n \n \n reproductive organs,\n \n \n \n hermaphrodite,\n \n \n \n copulatory organs,\n \n \n \n gonochorism,\n \n \n \n heterogeny,\n \n \n \n semen sexual reproduction,\n \n \n \n oviparity,\n \n \n \n parthenogenesis,\n \n \n \n reproduction in invertebrates,\n \n \n \n refrigerator,\n \n \n \n antibiotic,\n \n \n \n spores,\n \n \n \n protecting,\n \n \n \n thermometer,\n \n \n \n manometer,\n \n \n \n autoclave,\n \n \n \n aseptic conditions,\n \n \n \n gram-positive bacterium,\n \n \n \n freezer,\n \n \n \n spoilage,\n \n \n \n environmental,\n \n \n \n disease,\n \n \n \n contamination,\n \n \n \n pesticide,\n \n \n \n introduced species,\n \n \n \n decibel,\n \n \n \n dB,\n \n \n \n pathogenicity,\n \n \n \n DDT,\n \n \n \n dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane,\n \n \n \n indigenous species,\n \n \n \n carcinogen,\n \n \n \n modification,\n \n \n \n differentiated cell,\n \n \n \n artificial selection,\n \n \n \n cloning,\n \n \n \n polyploid,\n \n \n \n in vitro fertilization,\n \n \n \n cord blood,\n \n \n \n genetic modification of organisms,\n \n \n \n its,\n \n \n \n transformation,\n \n \n \n vector,\n \n \n \n Transcription,\n \n \n \n ligase,\n \n \n \n conjugation,\n \n \n \n plasmids,\n \n \n \n introns,\n \n \n \n exons,\n \n \n \n hybridization,\n \n \n \n hydrogen bonds,\n \n \n \n retrovirus,\n \n \n \n PCR,\n \n \n \n genetic engineering and its applications in biotechnology,\n \n \n \n filtration,\n \n \n \n fermentation,\n \n \n \n maturation,\n \n \n \n somatotrophin,\n \n \n \n somatostatin,\n \n \n \n asepsis,\n \n \n \n DNA recombination,\n \n \n \n transgenic organism,\n \n \n \n malting,\n \n \n \n milling,\n \n \n \n whirling,\n \n \n \n brewing,\n \n \n \n multiplication,\n \n \n \n assembly,\n \n \n \n viruses,\n \n \n \n bacteriophages,\n \n \n \n phages,\n \n \n \n bacterial viruses,\n \n \n \n capsid,\n \n \n \n droplet infection,\n \n \n \n inhalatory infection,\n \n \n \n lysis,\n \n \n \n release of a virus,\n \n \n \n viral adsorption,\n \n \n \n viral replication,\n \n \n \n virion,\n \n \n \n viroids,\n \n \n \n mineral,\n \n \n \n mineral water,\n \n \n \n nutrition,\n \n \n \n trace elements,\n \n \n \n macro-elements,\n \n \n \n ultra-trace elements,\n \n \n \n chlorosis,\n \n \n \n mineralization of plants,\n \n \n \n fruit,\n \n \n \n germination,\n \n \n \n seed,\n \n \n \n endosperm,\n \n \n \n cotyledon,\n \n \n \n seedling,\n \n \n \n juvenile phase,\n \n \n \n vegetative phase,\n \n \n \n sexual maturity,\n \n \n \n embryonic root,\n \n \n \n embryonic radicle,\n \n \n \n embryonic plumule,\n \n \n \n cotyledons,\n \n \n \n dicots,\n \n \n \n tissue,\n \n \n \n cell specialization,\n \n \n \n single-cell organisms,\n \n \n \n simple colony organisms,\n \n \n \n complex colony organisms,\n \n \n \n multicellular tissueless organisms,\n \n \n \n multicellular tissued organisms,\n \n \n \n division,\n \n \n \n cell cycle,\n \n \n \n metaphase,\n \n \n \n prophase,\n \n \n \n anaphase,\n \n \n \n karyokinesis,\n \n \n \n cytokinesis,\n \n \n \n crossing over,\n \n \n \n binary fission,\n \n \n \n ovary,\n \n \n \n yolk,\n \n \n \n oviduct,\n \n \n \n womb,\n \n \n \n oviparous,\n \n \n \n spermatophore,\n \n \n \n air chamber,\n \n \n \n chorion,\n \n \n \n embryonic water,\n \n \n \n extra-embryonic membranes ontogeny,\n \n \n \n ovoviviparity,\n \n \n \n viviparity,\n \n \n \n reproduction in vertebrates,\n \n \n \n inspiration,\n \n \n \n diaphragm,\n \n \n \n lung,\n \n \n \n respiratory system,\n \n \n \n respiratory,\n \n \n \n The respiratory system,\n \n \n \n expiration,\n \n \n \n pleura,\n \n \n \n biodiversity,\n \n \n \n trait,\n \n \n \n homeothermy,\n \n \n \n biocoenosis,\n \n \n \n species protection,\n \n \n \n movements,\n \n \n \n auxins,\n \n \n \n tropisms,\n \n \n \n nastic movements,\n \n \n \n taxes,\n \n \n \n fototropism,\n \n \n \n geotropism,\n \n \n \n chemotropism,\n \n \n \n thigmotropism,\n \n \n \n photonastic movements,\n \n \n \n termonastic movements,\n \n \n \n seismonastic movement,\n \n \n \n responsiveness,\n \n \n \n hypoglycaemia,\n \n \n \n glycogenolysis,\n \n \n \n lipolysis,\n \n \n \n lipogenesis,\n \n \n \n acromegaly,\n \n \n \n pituitary dwarfism,\n \n \n \n hyperglycaemia,\n \n \n \n laws,\n \n \n \n gene pool,\n \n \n \n speciation,\n \n \n \n bottleneck effect,\n \n \n \n hybridisation,\n \n \n \n immigration,\n \n \n \n sexual selection,\n \n \n \n founder effect,\n \n \n \n genetic drift,\n \n \n \n geographical isolation,\n \n \n \n laws of evolution and speciation,\n \n \n \n locus,\n \n \n \n according,\n \n \n \n diploidy,\n \n \n \n dominant alleles,\n \n \n \n recessive alleles,\n \n \n \n test cross,\n \n \n \n mendel,\n \n \n \n heredity according to Mendel,\n \n \n \n Rh,\n \n \n \n galactose,\n \n \n \n T cells,\n \n \n \n opsonisation,\n \n \n \n galactosamine,\n \n \n \n inheritance of blood groups in humans,\n \n \n \n across,\n \n \n \n diffusion,\n \n \n \n gradient,\n \n \n \n membranes,\n \n \n \n hemolysis,\n \n \n \n plasmolysis,\n \n \n \n facilitated diffusion,\n \n \n \n passive transport,\n \n \n \n simple diffusion,\n \n \n \n active transport,\n \n \n \n transport across membranes,\n \n \n \n society,\n \n \n \n medicine,\n \n \n \n science,\n \n \n \n technology,\n \n \n \n migration,\n \n \n \n fossil,\n \n \n \n Homo sapiens,\n \n \n \n bipedalism,\n \n \n \n prosimians,\n \n \n \n australopithecines,\n \n \n \n Homo erectus,\n \n \n \n Homo habilis,\n \n \n \n human evolution,\n \n \n \n cutin,\n \n \n \n protoplast,\n \n \n \n systematics,\n \n \n \n plant tissues,\n \n \n \n twins,\n \n \n \n Down\xe2\x80\x99s syndrome,\n \n \n \n Turner\xe2\x80\x99s syndrome,\n \n \n \n pedigree chart,\n \n \n \n Edwards\xe2\x80\x99 syndrome,\n \n \n \n Patau\xe2\x80\x99s syndrome,\n \n \n \n heterozygotes,\n \n \n \n homozygotes,\n \n \n \n genetic diseases,\n \n \n \n fish,\n \n \n \n convergent evolution,\n \n \n \n eurytopic species,\n \n \n \n stenotopic species,\n \n \n \n ubiquistic species,\n \n \n \n structure,\n \n \n \n cell structure,\n \n \n \n plant cell,\n \n \n \n animal cell,\n \n \n \n plasma membrane,\n \n \n \n cell compartment,\n \n \n \n cellulose cell wall,\n \n \n \n vacuoles,\n \n \n \n granules,\n \n \n \n endoplasmic reticulum,\n \n \n \n cytosol,\n \n \n \n Golgi apparatus,\n \n \n \n structure of plant and animal cells,\n \n \n \n acids,\n \n \n \n ribosome,\n \n \n \n nucleic acids,\n \n \n \n rRNA,\n \n \n \n adenine,\n \n \n \n Nucleotide,\n \n \n \n guanine,\n \n \n \n superhelix,\n \n \n \n nucleic,\n \n \n \n sound,\n \n \n \n light,\n \n \n \n smell,\n \n \n \n taste,\n \n \n \n sensory organs,\n \n \n \n chemoreceptors,\n \n \n \n baroreceptors,\n \n \n \n proprioceptive,\n \n \n \n exteroreceptors,\n \n \n \n interoreceptors,\n \n \n \n pheromones,\n \n \n \n fertility,\n \n \n \n chloroplast,\n \n \n \n peat land,\n \n \n \n epiphyte,\n \n \n \n autotrophic organisms,\n \n \n \n carnivorous,\n \n \n \n carnivorous plants,\n \n \n \n nutrients,\n \n \n \n anemia,\n \n \n \n avitaminosis,\n \n \n \n biosphere,\n \n \n \n biogeochemical cycles,\n \n \n \n biogeochemical,\n \n \n \n cycles,\n \n \n \n source,\n \n \n \n chromosomes,\n \n \n \n amino acids,\n \n \n \n Homologous chromosomes,\n \n \n \n alleles,\n \n \n \n mutations as a source of variation in organisms,\n \n \n \n race,\n \n \n \n environmental variation,\n \n \n \n deoxyribonucleic acid,\n \n \n \n adrenaline,\n \n \n \n cellular respiration,\n \n \n \n extracellular fluid,\n \n \n \n blood plasma,\n \n \n \n thermoregulation,\n \n \n \n noradrenaline,\n \n \n \n Homeostasis,\n \n \n \n thyroid hormones,\n \n \n \n haemoglobin carbamate,\n \n \n \n lymphocytes,\n \n \n \n monocytes,\n \n \n \n oxyhaemoglobin phagocytes,\n \n \n \n muscles,\n \n \n \n connective tissue,\n \n \n \n skeletal muscles,\n \n \n \n creatine phosphate,\n \n \n \n free fatty acids,\n \n \n \n myoglobin,\n \n \n \n muscle relaxation,\n \n \n \n extensor,\n \n \n \n flexor,\n \n \n \n relaxed muscle,\n \n \n \n contracted muscle,\n \n \n \n tropomyosin,\n \n \n \n troponin,\n \n \n \n liver,\n \n \n \n external environment,\n \n \n \n internal environment,\n \n \n \n oxytocin,\n \n \n \n TSH,\n \n \n \n TRH,\n \n \n \n beta cells,\n \n \n \n dynamic equilibrium,\n \n \n \n homeostatic mechanism,\n \n \n \n negative feedback,\n \n \n \n alpha-cells,\n \n \n \n positive feedback,\n \n \n \n trachea,\n \n \n \n chitin,\n \n \n \n parenchyma,\n \n \n \n appendages,\n \n \n \n digestive glands,\n \n \n \n flame cell,\n \n \n \n haemocyanin,\n \n \n \n haemolymph,\n \n \n \n hydrostatic skeleton,\n \n \n \n Malpighian tubule,\n \n \n \n mesogloea,\n \n \n \n metamere metanephridium,\n \n \n \n ommatidium,\n \n \n \n protonephridium,\n \n \n \n water vascular system,\n \n \n \n HIV,\n \n \n \n virus,\n \n \n \n antibody,\n \n \n \n genome,\n \n \n \n hydrolases,\n \n \n \n macrophage,\n \n \n \n lymphocyte,\n \n \n \n Kaposi\xe2\x80\x99s sarcoma,\n \n \n \n lymphoma,\n \n \n \n immunodeficiency,\n \n \n \n (hiv),\n \n \n \n human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),\n \n \n \n penicillin,\n \n \n \n bacteriophage,\n \n \n \n endospore,\n \n \n \n antisepsis,\n \n \n \n antiseptic activities,\n \n \n \n aseptic activities,\n \n \n \n spectrum of antibiotic,\n \n \n \n bacterial resistance,\n \n \n \n resistance plasmid,\n \n \n \n resistance gene,\n \n \n \n nosocomial infections,\n \n \n \n saprophytic organisms,\n \n \n \n antiseptics,\n \n \n \n antiseptics and antibiotics,\n \n \n \n peristalsis,\n \n \n \n bile,\n \n \n \n pepsinogen,\n \n \n \n emulsification,\n \n \n \n alimentary canal,\n \n \n \n carnivore,\n \n \n \n omnivore,\n \n \n \n feeding,\n \n \n \n nectar,\n \n \n \n saprophages,\n \n \n \n omnivory,\n \n \n \n scavenger,\n \n \n \n rotoctists,\n \n \n \n carnivory,\n \n \n \n nutritional specialization,\n \n \n \n mucus,\n \n \n \n plankton,\n \n \n \n echolocation,\n \n \n \n electroreception,\n \n \n \n osmotic pressure,\n \n \n \n osmoregulation,\n \n \n \n compensation depth,\n \n \n \n electroreceptors,\n \n \n \n information,\n \n \n \n behavior,\n \n \n \n communication,\n \n \n \n nature,\n \n \n \n genetic information,\n \n \n \n transmitter,\n \n \n \n taxis,\n \n \n \n tropism,\n \n \n \n plant hormone,\n \n \n \n phytochrome,\n \n \n \n warning signals,\n \n \n \n alarm signals,\n \n \n \n animals mating behavior,\n \n \n \n transmitters,\n \n \n \n excretory system,\n \n \n \n kidney,\n \n \n \n plasma,\n \n \n \n fluids,\n \n \n \n nephron,\n \n \n \n transplantation,\n \n \n \n systemic,\n \n \n \n ADH,\n \n \n \n antidiuretic hormone,\n \n \n \n hemodialysis,\n \n \n \n reabsorption,\n \n \n \n filtration process,\n \n \n \n microorganism,\n \n \n \n ecological succession,\n \n \n \n phototroph,\n \n \n \n autotrophic organism,\n \n \n \n cooperation,\n \n \n \n protocooperation,\n \n \n \n commensalism,\n \n \n \n mycorrhizas,\n \n \n \n mutualism,\n \n \n \n predators,\n \n \n \n ionizing radiation,\n \n \n \n population density,\n \n \n \n parental care,\n \n \n \n abiotic factors,\n \n \n \n biotic factors,\n \n \n \n denaturation of protein,\n \n \n \n ultra-violet radiation,\n \n \n \n population range,\n \n \n \n individual and the population,\n \n \n \n attack,\n \n \n \n heart,\n \n \n \n factors,\n \n \n \n myocardial infarction,\n \n \n \n arterial hypertension,\n \n \n \n atherosclerotic plaque,\n \n \n \n cerebrovascular disease,\n \n \n \n Chlamydia,\n \n \n \n intermittent claudication,\n \n \n \n ischaemic heart disease,\n \n \n \n thrombus,\n \n \n \n corona radiata,\n \n \n \n zona pellucida,\n \n \n \n reproductive,\n \n \n \n the reproductive system,\n \n \n \n semen,\n \n \n \n primary spermatocyte,\n \n \n \n spermatogenesis,\n \n \n \n ejaculation,\n \n \n \n oogenesis,\n \n \n \n cellular membrane,\n \n \n \n cortical granules,\n \n \n \n germinal epithelial cell,\n \n \n \n oogonium,\n \n \n \n primary oocyte secondary oocyte,\n \n \n \n secondary spermatocyte,\n \n \n \n spermatids,\n \n \n \n flower,\n \n \n \n cellulose,\n \n \n \n ovule,\n \n \n \n spore,\n \n \n \n photosynthetic pigments,\n \n \n \n rhizoids,\n \n \n \n sporangium,\n \n \n \n vegetative reproduction,\n \n \n \n other,\n \n \n \n base,\n \n \n \n nitrogenous base,\n \n \n \n denaturation,\n \n \n \n restriction endonuclease,\n \n \n \n sequencing,\n \n \n \n other applications of genetic engineering,\n \n \n \n chickenpox,\n \n \n \n measles,\n \n \n \n mumps,\n \n \n \n tuberculosis,\n \n \n \n vaccine,\n \n \n \n vaccination,\n \n \n \n rubella,\n \n \n \n rabies,\n \n \n \n poliomyelitis,\n \n \n \n smallpox,\n \n \n \n anthrax,\n \n \n \n disinfection,\n \n \n \n cowpox,\n \n \n \n BCG,\n \n \n \n polyvalent vaccines,\n \n \n \n vaccinations,\n \n \n \n chemical,\n \n \n \n amino acid,\n \n \n \n condensation,\n \n \n \n dry weight,\n \n \n \n hydrolysis,\n \n \n \n membrane receptor,\n \n \n \n chemical composition of cells,\n \n \n \n origin,\n \n \n \n ribosomes,\n \n \n \n bacterial cell,\n \n \n \n biogenesis,\n \n \n \n chemical evolution,\n \n \n \n coacervate,\n \n \n \n liposome,\n \n \n \n microsphere,\n \n \n \n endosymbiosis,\n \n \n \n nucleic acidic,\n \n \n \n density,\n \n \n \n interspecific,\n \n \n \n intraspecific,\n \n \n \n individual organism,\n \n \n \n population size predation predator prey,\n \n \n \n competition.,\n \n \n \n implantation,\n \n \n \n umbilical cord,\n \n \n \n pregnancy,\n \n \n \n notochord,\n \n \n \n yolk sac,\n \n \n \n cleavage,\n \n \n \n gastrulation,\n \n \n \n morula,\n \n \n \n blastocyst,\n \n \n \n allantoic cavity,\n \n \n \n amniotic cavity,\n \n \n \n gastrula,\n \n \n \n development of the human embryo,\n \n \n \n anticodon,\n \n \n \n termination site,\n \n \n \n operator,\n \n \n \n operon,\n \n \n \n promoter,\n \n \n \n polymerase binds,\n \n \n \n triplet code,\n \n \n \n The gene as a structural and functional unit of DNA,\n \n \n \n menstruation,\n \n \n \n sex hormones,\n \n \n \n ovulation,\n \n \n \n estrogens,\n \n \n \n progesterone,\n \n \n \n FSH,\n \n \n \n LH,\n \n \n \n endometrium,\n \n \n \n chorionic gonadotrophin,\n \n \n \n HCG,\n \n \n \n follicle-stimulating hormone,\n \n \n \n luteinizing hormone,\n \n \n \n theory of evolution,\n \n \n \n creationism,\n \n \n \n Darwin,\n \n \n \n colonization,\n \n \n \n preservation,\n \n \n \n Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution,\n \n \n \n metabolism,\n \n \n \n ovaries,\n \n \n \n glands,\n \n \n \n target cells,\n \n \n \n exocrine glands,\n \n \n \n posterior pituitary,\n \n \n \n anterior pituitary,\n \n \n \n thymus gland,\n \n \n \n adrenal cortex,\n \n \n \n adrenal medulla,\n \n \n \n catalyst,\n \n \n \n gas exchange,\n \n \n \n transformations,\n \n \n \n specificity,\n \n \n \n catalysis,\n \n \n \n proteases,\n \n \n \n lipases,\n \n \n \n nucleases,\n \n \n \n amylases,\n \n \n \n activation energy,\n \n \n \n metabolic transformations in a cell,\n \n \n \n nerve,\n \n \n \n central nervous system,\n \n \n \n nerve center,\n \n \n \n prokaryote,\n \n \n \n parasites,\n \n \n \n circulation of matter,\n \n \n \n cell culture,\n \n \n \n photoautotrophs,\n \n \n \n chemoautotrophs,\n \n \n \n saprotrophs,\n \n \n \n bacterial growth,\n \n \n \n organism,\n \n \n \n classification,\n \n \n \n taxonomy,\n \n \n \n artificial systems,\n \n \n \n binomial nomenclature,\n \n \n \n natural systems,\n \n \n \n systems of classification,\n \n \n \n taxonomic units,\n \n \n \n classification of organisms,\n \n \n \n absorption,\n \n \n \n enterocyte,\n \n \n \n portal vein,\n \n \n \n portal system,\n \n \n \n micelle,\n \n \n \n mesentery,\n \n \n \n glicogenolisis\n \n \n